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I have a big performance problem in R. I wrote a function that iterates over a data.frame
object. It simply adds a new column to a data.frame
and accumulates something. (simple operation). The data.frame
has roughly 850K rows. My PC is still working (about 10h now) and I have no idea about the runtime.
Any ideas how to speed up this operation?
9 Answers
Biggest problem and root of ineffectiveness is indexing data.frame, I mean all this lines where you use temp[,]
.
Try to avoid this as much as possible. I took your function, change indexing and here version_A
As you can see I create vector res
which gather results. At the end I add it to data.frame
and I don't need to mess with names.So how better is it?
I run each function for data.frame
with nrow
from 1,000 to 10,000 by 1,000 and measure time with system.time
Result is
You can see that your version depends exponentially from nrow(X)
. Modified version has linear relation, and simple lm
model predict that for 850,000 rows computation takes 6 minutes and 10 seconds.
Power of vectorization
As Shane and Calimo states in theirs answers vectorization is a key to better performance.From your code you could move outside of loop:
- conditioning
- initialization of the results (which are
temp[i,9]
)
This leads to this code
Compare result for this functions, this time for nrow
from 10,000 to 100,000 by 10,000.
Tuning the tuned
Another tweak is to changing in a loop indexing temp[i,9]
to res[i]
(which are exact the same in i-th loop iteration).It's again difference between indexing a vector and indexing a data.frame
.
Second thing: when you look on the loop you can see that there is no need to loop over all i
, but only for the ones that fit condition.
So here we go
Performance which you gain highly depends on a data structure. Precisely - on percent of TRUE
values in the condition.For my simulated data it takes computation time for 850,000 rows below the one second.
I you want you can go further, I see at least two things which can be done:
- write a
C
code to do conditional cumsum if you know that in your data max sequence isn't large then you can change loop to vectorized while, something like
Code used for simulations and figures is available on GitHub.
General strategies for speeding up R code
First, figure out where the slow part really is. There's no need to optimize code that isn't running slowly. For small amounts of code, simply thinking through it can work. If that fails, RProf and similar profiling tools can be helpful.
Once you figure out the bottleneck, think about more efficient algorithms for doing what you want. Calculations should be only run once if possible, so:
- Store the results and access them rather than repeatedly recalculating
- Take non-loop-dependent calculations out of loops
- Avoid calculations which aren't necessary (e.g. don't use regular expressions with fixed searches will do)
Using more efficient functions can produce moderate or large speed gains. For instance, paste0
produces a small efficiency gain but .colSums()
and its relatives produce somewhat more pronounced gains. mean
is particularly slow.
Then you can avoid some particularly common troubles:
cbind
will slow you down really quickly.- Initialize your data structures, then fill them in, rather than expanding them eachtime.
- Even with pre-allocation, you could switch to a pass-by-reference approach rather than a pass-by-value approach, but it may not be worth the hassle.
- Take a look at the R Inferno for more pitfalls to avoid.
Try for better vectorization, which can often but not always help. In this regard, inherently vectorized commands like ifelse
, diff
, and the like will provide more improvement than the apply
family of commands (which provide little to no speed boost over a well-written loop).
You can also try to provide more information to R functions. For instance, use vapply
rather than sapply
, and specify colClasses
when reading in text-based data. Speed gains will be variable depending on how much guessing you eliminate.
Next, consider optimized packages: The data.table
package can produce massive speed gains where its use is possible, in data manipulation and in reading large amounts of data (fread
).
Next, try for speed gains through more efficient means of calling R:
- Compile your R script. Or use the
Ra
andjit
packages in concert for just-in-time compilation (Dirk has an example in this presentation). - Make sure you're using an optimized BLAS. These provide across-the-board speed gains. Honestly, it's a shame that R doesn't automatically use the most efficient library on install. Hopefully Revolution R will contribute the work that they've done here back to the overall community.
- Radford Neal has done a bunch of optimizations, some of which were adopted into R Core, and many others which were forked off into pqR.
And lastly, if all of the above still doesn't get you quite as fast as you need, you may need to move to a faster language for the slow code snippet. The combination of Rcpp
and inline
here makes replacing only the slowest part of the algorithm with C++ code particularly easy. Here, for instance, is my first attempt at doing so, and it blows away even highly optimized R solutions.
If you're still left with troubles after all this, you just need more computing power. Look into parallelization (http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/HighPerformanceComputing.html) or even GPU-based solutions (gpu-tools
).
Links to other guidance
If you are using for
loops, you are most likely coding R as if it was C or Java or something else. R code that is properly vectorised is extremely fast.
Take for example these two simple bits of code to generate a list of 10,000 integers in sequence:
The first code example is how one would code a loop using a traditional coding paradigm. It takes 28 seconds to complete
You can get an almost 100-times improvement by the simple action of pre-allocating memory:
But using the base R vector operation using the colon operator :
this operation is virtually instantaneous:
This could be made much faster by skipping the loops by using indexes or nested ifelse()
statements.
As Ari mentioned at the end of his answer, the Rcpp
and inline
packages make it incredibly easy to make things fast. As an example, try this inline
code (warning: not tested):
There's a similar procedure for #include
ing things, where you just pass a parameter
to cxxfunction, as include=inc
. What's really cool about this is that it does all of the linking and compilation for you, so prototyping is really fast.
Disclaimer: I'm not totally sure that the class of tmp should be numeric and not numeric matrix or something else. But I'm mostly sure.
Edit: if you still need more speed after this, OpenMP is a parallelization facility good for C++
. I haven't tried using it from inline
, but it should work. The idea would be to, in the case of n
cores, have loop iteration k
be carried out by k % n
. A suitable introduction is found in Matloff's The Art of R Programming, available here, in chapter 16, Resorting to C.
I dislike rewriting code... Also of course ifelse and lapply are better options but sometimes it is difficult to make that fit.
Frequently I use data.frames as one would use lists such as df$var[i]
Here is a made up example:
data.frame version:
list version:
17x times faster to use a list of vectors than a data.frame.
Any comments on why internally data.frames are so slow in this regard? One would think they operate like lists...
For even faster code do this class(d)='list'
instead of d=as.list(d)
and class(d)='data.frame'
The answers here are great. One minor aspect not covered is that the question states 'My PC is still working (about 10h now) and I have no idea about the runtime'. I always put in the following code into loops when developing to get a feel for how changes seem to affect the speed and also for monitoring how long it will take to complete.
Works with lapply as well.
If the function within the loop is quite fast but the number of loops is large then consider just printing every so often as printing to the console itself has an overhead. e.g.
In R, you can often speed-up loop processing by using the apply
family functions (in your case, it would probably be replicate
). Have a look at the plyr
package that provides progress bars.
Another option is to avoid loops altogether and replace them with vectorized arithmetics. I'm not sure exactly what you are doing, but you can probably apply your function to all rows at once:
This will be much much faster, and then you can filter the rows with your condition:
Vectorized arithmetics requires more time and thinking about the problem, but then you can sometimes save several orders of magnitude in execution time.
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Processing with data.table
is a viable option:
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If you ignore the possible gains from conditions filtering, it is very fast. Obviously, if you can do the calculation on the subset of data, it helps.